Investigating Lightning Characteristics through a Supercell Storm by Comprehensive Coordinated Observations over North China

Electrical characteristics of an isolated supercell storm observed on 13 June 2014 over Beijing were investigated using lightning data obtained from the Beijing Lightning Network, radar reflectivity, and hydrometeor retrievals during the 6-h lifetime. Positive cloud-to-ground(+CG) lightning took a high percentage of CG lightning. Before and during a hail event,+CG lightning was more frequent than negative cloud-to-ground(-CG) lightning, except that +CG lightning took a high percentage at the beginning and in the dissipating stage. After the hail event ended,-CG lightning dominated and reached its maximum value. An analysis of hydrometeors retrieved by X-band polarimetric radar revealed that the discharge concentrated in the convective region with graupel particles and hailstones, whereas graupel, snow and ice crystals in the stratiform region. Lightning radiation sources were located mainly in the convective region, some of which were distributed along a gradient of radar reflectivity from the convective region to the stratiform region. The indication is that the supercell demonstrated an inverted tripole charge structure before the hail event, which converted to a normal tripole structure after the hail event.     

一次超级单体分裂过程的雷达回波特征分析

2007年7月9日16—20时（北京时）在河北南部非常罕见地观测到了多个超级单体风暴在相近地点连续生成及分裂的过程。利用石家庄新乐SA型多普勒天气雷达资料、地面自动站及常规天气资料,对超级单体分裂过程及环境条件做了分析。表明这次的多个超级单体风暴是在强的对流有效位能和垂直风切变的环境条件下发生的。由于垂直风切变矢量方向随高度逆时针旋转,因此,分裂后左移的反气旋风暴得到加强,发展成为具有深厚中反气旋的左移超级单体风暴,而右移的气旋性风暴受到抑制,与理论研究结果一致。但也有不同之处,沿着地面高湿区内热力边界偏暖一侧移动的气旋性风暴没有受到明显抑制,有利的地面环境条件抵消了气旋性风暴受抑制的程度,使气旋性风暴能够持续更长的时间。该强烈发展的带有明显中反气旋的超级单体风暴具有低层钩状回波和入流缺口、中高层有界弱回波区及位于有界弱回波区之上的高层具有反射率因子核心和强烈风暴顶辐散,与经典的气旋式右移超级单体风暴的回波特征非常类似,除了是反气旋涡旋外,其回波特征与气旋式超级单体近似成镜像。风暴分裂是在单体形成不久的发展初期开始的。分裂先从中高层开始,然后迅速向下延伸。分裂后相对于0—6 km风切变矢量,左侧的单体为反气旋左移风暴,右侧的为气旋性右移风暴。     

2012年4月广东左移和飑线内超级单体的环境条件和结构对比分析

2012年4月开汛后广东省接连出现强对流天气,尤其是冰雹日数更是超过历史同期平均。本文利用常规天气观测资料和雷达、自动站等非常规资料对广东首次观测到的风暴分裂中左移超级单体风暴和飑线内超级单体风暴引发的两次强对流天气过程进行了对比分析。结果表明:"4·10"冰雹和雷雨大风天气是由局地强烈加热产生的"热雷暴"发展成超级单体风暴造成的;"4·12"冰雹、雷雨大风和短时强降水天气由飑线及飑线内超级单体风暴造成的,其产生于切变线、较强冷空气南下过程中的低层暖平流和中层冷槽共同作用的环境条件下,较强的平流过程使垂直风切变明显增大;两次过程中0℃层高度都低于4月当地0℃层高度平均值。风切变矢量随高度的变化决定了左移和右移风暴的发展趋势,"4.10"风切变矢量随高度逆时针变化,使风暴分裂后左移风暴得以发展成超级单体;"4·12"风切变矢量随高度顺时针变化,有利于有组织风暴即飑线和飑线内超级单体的形成和发展,超级单体向承载层平均风的右侧运动。左移超级单体回波具有中反气旋、弱回波区和旁瓣回波及强回波中心位于其移动方向左侧等特点;飑线内超级单体的中气旋、弱回波区和强回波中心位于回波移动方向右侧,三体散射长钉长度和中层辐合厚度都很大,后侧下击暴流产生了31.1 m·s~(-1)地面强风。     

2013年3月20日湖南和广东雷暴大风过程的特征分析

利用常规探空资料、多普勒天气雷达资料和风廓线雷达资料对2013年3月19日夜里到20日凌晨发生在湖南中南部和广东北部的一次区域性雷暴大风天气进行了分析,发现本次强对流天气过程的天气尺度背景是北支高压脊的崩溃和南支槽的建立,槽前出现较强的低空急流和切变线并在湖南中南部和广东北部形成了上干冷下暖湿的温湿配置结构下发生并强烈发展的;地面自动站观测显示北风侵入到前期露点温度较高的贵州黄平地区并形成风向辐合触发了对流,之后对流单体东移进入前期地面辐合线和露点锋相配合,同时500 hPa极为干冷的湖南中部偏南地区不断发展加强成对流带;雷达观测显示19日夜里在湖南西部不断出现对流单体并在其东移南下过程中最终形成飑线结构,该飑线中存在多个超级单体;通过多普勒天气雷达的中气旋产品与雷暴大风出现时间对应比较发现：大多数由中气旋引发的雷暴大风,在雷暴大风出现前2~3个体扫,其中气旋底高不断下降至2 km左右或以下,且在雷暴大风出现前1~2个体扫,中气旋的最强切变高度显著下降至中气旋底高位置附近;通过风廓线雷达数据与雷暴大风出现时间对应比较发现：底层大气折射率结构常数(C2n)大幅度的跃升通常在雷暴大风出现前10~15 min左右出现,其对雷暴大风的出现可能具有一定的指示意义。     

2016年9月通辽市一次龙卷过程的观测分析

利用常规观测、多普勒雷达、NCEP再分析等资料对2016年9月24日通辽市库伦旗龙卷发生的环境条件和雷达回波特征进行分析,结果表明:此次龙卷过程发生在高空槽前、中高层急流北侧、低空急流左侧和地面气旋暖区一侧,是由超级单体引发的;干线和地面冷锋是强对流发生的直接触发机制,龙卷发生在干线附近靠湿区一侧;基本反射率因子图上呈现入流缺口和钩状回波,反射率垂直剖面图上存在低层弱回波和中高层回波悬垂,大于55 dBz回波高度超过11 km中气旋生成后强度有增大的过程,有利于龙卷天气产生。     

一次强单体雹暴结构和成雹机制的数值模拟研究

利用NCEP再分析资料、L-波段雷达探空资料,分析了2010年6月15日发生在大连地区的强雹暴过程的环流形势和垂直气流结构;并利用中国科学院大气物理研究所的完全弹性三维雹云数值模式,模拟了该过程的雷达回波结构特征、含水量场等宏微观物理量的分布及其演变,着重分析了冰雹云的成雹机制。结果表明,模式较成功地模拟出了雹云回波的强度和发展高度,并模拟出了回波墙、弱回波区及悬垂回波等一系列强冰雹云的回波结构特征。该雹云的冰雹主要由冻滴转化形成,冰雹的增大主要依赖于与云滴、雨滴的撞冻过程,即冰雹主要是通过撞冻过冷水长大;冰雹与霰粒和雪花的碰并过程比较强,而与冰晶的碰并增长量很小。     

NCEP再分析资料在强对流环境分析中的应用

为考察NCEP再分析资料在我国强对流天气产生环境分析中的适用性,选取2002—2009年多普勒天气雷达识别的60例超级单体风暴个例,对比分析常规探空资料和NCEP再分析资料提取的温、湿、风垂直廓线,结果表明:NCEP再分析资料计算的对流有效位能因对抬升气团湿度敏感而与观测间差异较大,宜用K指数、温度直减率分析大气层结稳定度;因对流层中高层风与探空差异不大,其中500~700 hPa的风与探空近乎一致,因此NCEP再分析资料计算的深层、中层风垂直切变参量可靠性较高;NCEP再分析资料水汽参数与探空资料差异大,特别是在大气边界层,需用观测资料订正;边界层物理量,特别是风向与探空差异显著,因此不宜用NCEP再分析资料讨论雷暴触发问题;平均而言,NCEP再分析资料湿度廓线低层偏干而中层偏湿,925 hPa以上风速偏小,降低了强对流发生概率。     

基于雷达资料四维变分同化和三维云模式对一次超级单体风暴发展维持热动力机制的模拟分析

利用三维云尺度数值模式和雷达资料快速更新循环四维变分同化(4DVar)技术,对京津冀地区一次强降水超级单体风暴发展演变的热动力机制进行了数值模拟和结果分析,并结合雷达、加密探空和自动站资料,揭示了快速变化的近风暴大气环境及风暴自身的热动力三维特征对超级单体形成、发展和演变的影响.雷达回波观测分析表明,这是一次由多单体合...     

Single-Doppler Radar Observations of a High Precipitation Supercell Accompanying the 12 April 2003 Severe Squall Line in Fujian Province

In this study, single Doppler radar data were used to examine the structure and evolution of a high precipitation (HP) supercell embedded in a cold front ne㎡ar Jianyang, Fujian Province on 12 April 2003. The synoptic environment was characterized by high humidity at low levels, moderate CAPE (convective available potential energy; 1601 J kg?1), moderate wind shear (22 m s?1 in 0-5 km), and veering of the horizontal winds with height, similar to those HP supercells previously observed in midlatitudes. In addition, the calculated bulk Richardson number was only 16, suggesting favorable environmental conditions for supercell development. The documented storm was located at the leading edge of a squall line. It was initiated from a single cell at 0732 UTC. It evolved into a bow shape gradually, and then split into two separate storms along the storm motion direction through the apex of the bow echo. The left-moving storm dissipated rapidly,but the right-moving storm strengthened and evolved into an HP supercell, lasting for more than 1 h. The radar reflectivity of the HP supercell during its mature stage showed a typical low-level hook echo at the front flank of the storm with its maximum reflectivity beyond 70 dBZ. Above the hook echo, an elevated maximum reflectivity core accompanied by a bounded weak-echo region (BWER) and a down-shear echo overhanging aloft were clearly identified. The elevated BWER, marked by 40-50-dBZ reflectivity values, was surrounded by values of 60-70 dBZ. A well-defined mesocyclone lasted about 1 h and was collocated with the low-level WER and middle-level BWER. The radar-estimated time-height profiles of mesocyclone rotational velocity and diameter indicated that this mesocyclone formed initially at middle level, then deepened and strengthened rapidly with the vertical depth deeper than 8 km and rotational velocity stronger than 24 m s-1 at the mature stage, and later decayed rapidly. The GBVTD (ground-based velocity track display)-derived primary circulation showed that the maximum tangential wind of the mesocyclone appeared at middle level (3-5 km) with a value of about 20 m s-1. The mean radial wind field was characterized with a low-level inflow below 4 km, and accompanied by stronger updraft near the mesocyclone center. Between 4 and 7km, the tangential wind profile resembled a Rankine combined vortex with the radius of maximum wind (RMW) at 3 km, and there was outflow/inflow inside/outside of the RMW. Correspondingly, the vertical velocity indicated a stronger updraft at the RMW and a weak downdraft inside the RMW. Above 7 km, the outflow strengthened and extended outside the RMW. In summary, the reflectivity structures of the storm and the accompanying mesocyclone were similar to those midlatitude HP supercells proposed in Miller's paper in 1994. However, the evolution of the HP supercell, including its three stages: ordinary storm, bow echo, and storm splitting, was quite different from those documented before.     

一次强降水超级单体风暴多普勒天气雷达特征

利用盐城多普勒天气雷达和地面自动站等资料,对2006年8月6日下午发生在江苏盐城中北部地区的一次由强降水（high precipitation,HP）超级单体产生的大暴雨和龙卷过程进行详细分析。风暴回波演变的形态可分为＂条状—肾形—弓状＂3个阶段：在条状回波阶段,产生龙卷伴随强降水,中气旋在变粗的中段前侧生成,其内有一个垂直涡度约为8×10^-2s^-1的龙卷式涡旋特征（tor-nadic vortex signature,TVS）,高层悬挂回波下有低小的有界弱回波区（bounded weak echo region,BWER）,位于BWER之上高层17 km风暴顶为强烈辐散,辐散值约为1.2×10^-2s^-1;在肾状回波阶段,产生短时大暴雨,低层前侧有包含一个中气旋V字型入流缺口,其后是粗胖的高反射率因子钩状回波区,速度图上中气旋位于中尺度辐合线之中;在弓状回波阶段,产生短时暴雨,风暴减弱后与另外回波合并前侧又有中气旋生成,其后低层右后侧为较大的高反射率因子回波区。在上述3个阶段,该风暴具有HP超级单体风暴共同特征：中气旋、阵风锋位于前侧,强降水包裹着中气旋,沿着预先存在的东南风速辐合线移动。HP超级单体产生的主要天气背景是副热带高压边缘形势,一个东移的高空槽、强烈的热力不稳定和较大的垂直风切变。盐城中北部地区午后地面风场上形成的,与东南海风有关的一条南北向湿热边界层辐合线,对HP超级单体沿着此辐合线发展并维持长生命史有重要作用。